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The Gallo-Romance branch of the Romance languages includes French and the languages of northern Italy.〔Charles Camproux, ''Les langues romanes'', PUF 1974. p. 77–78.〕〔Pierre Bec, ''La langue occitane'', éditions PUF, Paris, 1963. p. 49–50.〕〔G.B. Pellegrini, "Il cisalpino ed il retoromanzo, 1993". See also "The Dialects of Italy, edited by Maiden & Parry, 1997〕 Based on mutual intelligibility, David Dalby counts seven languages: Gallo-Wallon, French, Franco-Provençal (Arpitan), Romansh, Ladin, Friulian, and Lombard.〔David Dalby, 1999/2000, ''The Linguasphere register of the world’s languages and speech communities.'' Observatoire Linguistique, Linguasphere Press. Volume 2. Oxford.()〕 However, other definitions are far broader, variously encompassing the Rhaeto-Romance languages, Occitano-Romance languages, and Gallo-Italic languages. ==Classification== The Gallo-Romance group includes: * The Langues d'oïl, or Oïl languages. These include Standard French, Picard, Walloon, Lorrain and Normand, Poitevin, Bourgignon. These are the most phonologically innovative Romance varieties. * The Arpitan language, also known as Franco-Provençal, of southeastern France, western Switzerland, and Aosta Valley region of northwestern Italy. Formerly thought of as a dialect of either Oïl or Occitan, it is linguistically a language on its own, or rather a separate group of languages, as many of its dialects have little mutual comprehensibility. It shares features of both French and the Provençal dialect of Occitan. Other language families which are sometimes included in the Gallo-Romance: * The Rhaeto-Romance languages, including Romansh of Switzerland, Ladin of the Dolomites area, and Friulian of Friuli. Rhaeto-Romance can be classified as Gallo-Romance, or as a branch of the Western Romance languages. Rhaeto-Romance is a diverse group, with the Italian varieties influenced by Venetan and Italian and Romansh by Franco-Provençal. * The Occitano-Romance languages of Southern France and neighbouring areas, includes Occitan and Catalan. Occitano-Romance can be classified as Gallo-Romance, Iberian Romance, or as a branch of the Western Romance languages. * *The Occitan language, or langue d'oc, has dialects such as Provençal dialect, and Gascon-Aranese dialect. * *The Catalan language has standard forms of Catalan and Valencian. The inclusion of Catalan in Gallo-romance is disputed by some linguists who prefer to group it with Iberian Romance, since although Old Catalan is close to Old Occitan, it later adjusted its lexicon to some degree to align with Spanish. In general however, modern Catalan, especially grammatically, remains closest to modern Occitan than to either Spanish or Portuguese. * The Gallo-Italic languages. They include Piedmontese, Ligurian, Western and Eastern Lombard, Emilian, Romagnol, Gallo-Italic of Sicily and Gallo-Italic of Basilicata. Gallo-Italic can be classified as Gallo-Romance, Italo-Dalmatian, or as a branch of the Western Romance languages. Ligurian and Eastern Lombard retain the final -o, being the exception in Gallo-Romance. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Gallo-Romance languages」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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